2016 Reality: Human Animal Hybrids

INTRODUCTION:

Scientists have been conducting research in their labs that involves creating human organs inside of animals. Currently there are about 123,000 American lives who are on a organ donor list. Creating a human animal hybrid by adding human stem cells to pig and sheep embryos could provide these very organs that these individuals need. However, there is very little knowledge as to what happens when these human cells begin to grow inside these animal embryos. This has caused much controversy as well as concern whether the human stem cells that are injected into these animal embryos. Many are concerned that the stem cells will begin to multiply and specialize so much so that the animal will develop human characteristics(ranging from physical to human intelligence). 

Many labs are still moving forward with their work with the helpful aid of recent advances in stem cell biology as well as gene editing techniques. They make it possible to genetically engineer pigs and sheep which are not able to develop their own specific tissues and organs. The goal of these experiments is to inject human stem cells into embryos of animals and allow the stem cells to grow into the missing organ which can then be harvested. Not only does this new research provide hope and possibly life for many who are on organ donor lists, but it could possibly put an end to the black market of organ 'donations'. Many people involved in the black market arena, usually in poverty stricken areas, take human lives and use the organs to make a profit. More often times than not, people pay tremendous amounts of money for these organs so that they will have a chance at living. The ethical and moral controversy and tension is still very strong. (A)

Because this is just the very beginning of research around the idea of creating human animal hybrids to harvest organs for patients on organ donor lists these experiments are not for growing human organs just yet. They are used to create methods for a means towards an end. In September of 2015, the National Institutes of Health refused to fund such studies until they were able to better inspect the science of these studies more closely. (A) Meanwhile, in Britan, scientists created over 150 human animal hybrid embryos in secrecy for three years. They did so for the many wide range of diseases affecting people world wide. What happens when these experiments go too far?  

In 2008 the Human Fertilization Embryology Act was published to the public and since then scientists have created 155 embryos that contains both human and animal genetic material. The creation of a variety of hybrids became legalized including animal egg being fertilized by a human sperm called 'cybrids'. The human nucleus, in this scenario, is implanted into an animal cell known as 'chimeras' where the human cells are now mixed with the animal's embryos. Such techniques and many others can be used to develop embryonic stem cells that will be able to treat a range of incurable illnesses. (B)

Research in the UK have stopped creating hybrid embryos due to the lack of funding. Many scientists believe that this work will continue again in the near future. The controversy here is is whether it is ethically moral to use animals to save human lives. Is one life worth another? Many believe that it can never be justifiable as it discredits the UK as a country. There were 80 treatments and cures conducted with stem cells in which adult stem cells (not embryonic ones). This fails on the moral and ethical aspects as well as the scientific and medical aspects. Adding more fuel to the flames, the question of why these experiments were kept a secret and if the scientists were proud of their work why is there a need to as parliamentary questions in order for these studies to become publicly aware. The concern stretches to the scientists’ curiosity and eagerness to experiment, often times lacking enough rationale to perform such experiments. (B)

A group of leading scientists warned about ‘Planet of the Apes’ experiments for they demanded new rules in order to prevent lab animals from developing human attributes from human stem cell injections into the brains of primates. Robin Lovell-Badge from the Medical Research Council’ s National Institute for Medical Research, stated that scientists were not concerned about human-animal hybrid embryos because by law these have to be destroyed within 14 days. He said: ‘The reason for doing these experiments is to understand more about early human development and come up with ways of curing serious diseases, and as a scientist I feel there is a moral imperative to pursue this research. As long as we have sufficient controls – as we do in this country – we should be proud of the research.’ (B) 

it was worried about the chance that animals’ “cognitive state” could be altered if they ended up with human brain cells.

CONCLUSION:

The experiments rely on a cutting-edge fusion of technologies, including recent breakthroughs in stem-cell biology and gene-editing techniques. By modifying genes, scientists can now easily change the DNA in pig or sheep embryos so that they are genetically incapable of forming a specific tissue. Then, by adding stem cells from a person, they hope the human cells will take over the job of forming the missing organ, which could then be harvested from the animal for use in a transplant operation.

“We can make an animal without a heart. We have engineered pigs that lack skeletal muscles and blood vessels,” says Daniel Garry, a cardiologist who leads a chimera project at the University of Minnesota. While such pigs aren’t viable, they can develop properly if a few cells are added from a normal pig embryo. Garry says he’s already melded two pigs in this way and recently won a $1.4 million grant from the U.S. Army, which funds some biomedical research, to try to grow human hearts in swine.

it was worried about the chance that animals’ “cognitive state” could be altered if they ended up with human brain cells.

it was worried about the chance that animals’ “cognitive state” could be altered if they ended up with human brain cells.

it was worried about the chance that animals’ “cognitive state” could be altered if they ended up with human brain cells.

The effort to incubate organs in farm animals is ethically charged because it involves adding human cells to animal embryos in ways that could blur the line between species.

The effort to incubate organs in farm animals is ethically charged because it involves adding human cells to animal embryos in ways that could blur the line between species.

The experiments rely on a cutting-edge fusion of technologies, including recent breakthroughs in stem-cell biology and gene-editing techniques. By modifying genes, scientists can now easily change the DNA in pig or sheep embryos so that they are genetically incapable of forming a specific tissue. Then, by adding stem cells from a person, they hope the human cells will take over the job of forming the missing organ, which could then be harvested from the animal for use in a transplant operation.

“We can make an animal without a heart. We have engineered pigs that lack skeletal muscles and blood vessels,” says Daniel Garry, a cardiologist who leads a chimera project at the University of Minnesota. While such pigs aren’t viable, they can develop properly if a few cells are added from a normal pig embryo.

Although these new human animal hybrids or chimeras can be a source for organs, will these animals grow to resemble humans a little too much? What if these chimeras develop features such as a more human face or characteristics like higher intelligence? Now what? Is it still ethically and morally right to still proceed as planned in taking out all their organs leading to their death? When is it okay to give a life to save one?

Links:
(A)http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/human-animal-hybrids-growing-for-organ-transplants-160111.htm
(B) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2017818/Embryos-involving-genes-animals-mixed-humans-produced-secretively-past-years.html
(C)http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-animal-hybrids-chimeras-us-science-a6806516.html
(D)https://www.technologyreview.com/s/545106/human-animal-chimeras-are-gestating-on-us-research-farms/

*Please note! These images are not mine. They were found on various tumblr sites! If any are yours please let me know so that I can give you credit for them! Also the people in the images have no relation to the diseases, illnesses, or cancers I write about. Thanks so much & enjoy~

AKIRA: Proton-Beam Therapy

INTRODUCTION:

Proton therapy or proton beam therapy is a radiation treatment for patients who have cancer. Instead of x-rays, protons are used. Protons are positively charged particles and at high energies can destroy cancer cells. Doctors can just use proton therapy or combine it with standard radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and/or immuno-therapy. Standard x-ray radiation therapy, proton therapy is a type of external-beam radiation therapy. It painlessly delivers radiation through the skin from a machine outside the body. (A)

Proton-beam therapy is a form of cancer radiotherapy that uses positively charged particles to kill tumor cells. Unlike traditional radiotherapy using X-rays, protons can be programmed to deposit most of their energy in the tumor, minimizing damage to surrounding, healthy tissue. X-rays, in contrast, lose energy as they move through the body, meaning that tissue between the tumor and the beam will receive a higher dose of radiation than the tumor itself. The technology has been around since the 1980s, but until recently demand was muted due to high cost and limited evidence that it makes financial sense. Proton-beam therapy centers can cost up to $200 million to build and are more expensive to operate than traditional radiotherapy. (B)

 

 

 

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

The way in which proton therapy works is with a synchrotron or cyclotron which speeds up the protons. The speed of the protons reflects their high energy. The protons travel to a specific depth in the body based on their energy. Once these protons reach the targeted region in the body, they then deposit the specified radiation dose in the tumor. Treatment with proton therapy lacks any further radiation beyond the region of the tumor. Whereas, x-rays continue to deposit radiation doses as they exit the patient's body. This means that radiation is also damaging nearby healthy tissues, potentially causing side effects. (A)

Patients that undergo proton therapy do not need to have hospital admission (aka: they are in an outpatient setting). The number of sessions depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Physicians can give proton therapy to their patients from one to five proton beam treatments. Generally they use larger daily radiation does which is known as 'stero-tactic body radiotherapy'. If a patient recieves a large single dose of radiation it is known as radiosurgery. Proton therapy helps to treat tumors that have not spread yet and for tumors that are located close to important organs or regions in the body (i.e. eye, brain, and spinal cord). Children are often treated with proton therapy because their tissues are still developing and this form of therapy is least harmful. Children can have proton therapy for brain, spinal cord, and eye cancers such as retinoblastoma and orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.

 TREATMENT:

Proton therapy can be used to treat central nervous system cancers, including chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and malignant meningioma / Eye cancer, including uveal melanoma or choroidal melanoma/ Head and neck cancers, including nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer and some nasopharyngeal cancers/Lung cancer/Liver cancer/Prostate cancer/Spinal and pelvic sarcomas, which are cancers that occur in the soft-tissue and bone/Noncancerous brain tumors.

Compared with standard radiation treatment, proton therapy has several benefits Up to 60% less radiation generally can be delivered to the normal tissues around the tumor, which lowers the risk of radiation damage to healthy tissues. It may allow for a higher radiation dose to the tumor, which increases the chances that all of the tumor cells in the tumor targeted by the proton radiation will be destroyed. It may result in fewer and less severe side effects such as low blood counts, fatigue, and nausea during and after treatment.

DRAWBACKS:

However, there are some drawbacks because proton therapy requires highly specialized, expensive equipment, it is available at just a few medical centers in the United States. It may cost more than conventional radiation therapy. Insurance provider rules vary about which diagnoses are covered and how much patients need to pay. Talk with your insurance provider to learn more. Not all cancers can be treated with proton therapy.

Several ongoing randomized controlled clinical studies are comparing x-ray treatments to proton treatments. These are being conducted for several reasons in organs where the tumor and the adjacent normal tissues are moving, such as the lung, there may be a higher risk of not giving a large enough dose when compared with x-rays. In other areas of the body, sophisticated x-ray treatments produce excellent results with a low risk of significant radiation-associated side effects. For these tumors, clinical studies are needed to find out whether proton is better than x-rays, given the higher cost of proton therapy. (A)

 CONTROVERSY:

Why is proton therapy so expensive and why is there so much controversy about this form of cancer treatment? Ion Beam Applications SA,the Belgian company that leads the global market for huge proton-beam machines, is selling so many systems lately that it needs to boost its 1,200-strong workforce by 400 workers. It launched a big recruitment drive across the country this year, featuring radio and newspaper spots along with dozens of billboards and posters. (B)

While that higher price tag is justified for treating childhood cancers and a small number of adult cases, such as tumors in the base of the skull, the jury is still out on its cost-effectiveness for most common cancers. For a long time it was cheaper for countries to send their patients abroad for treatment. The U.K., since 2008, would send its patients to US. There has been much controversy over proton-beam therapy because hospitals did not want to make a multi-million dollar bet on new technology that had little and weak evidence. However, without these treatment centers, it's impossible to do further research and to get more evidence to support this technology's results. (B)

Within the last five years, proton beam therapy rooms have doubled to 171 according to IBA. There were many reasons to why there has become such high demand for this technology. IBA and other providers (ex. Hitachi Ltd., Varian Medical Systems Inc.) developed compact centers which took up less space and was worth a quarter and half as much to install. The installation of these systems costs $40 million to $50 million. Not only does having this technology and access to it 24/7 allows for further research. Decisions were made to absorb the expense of building a center rather than sending patients overseas for treatment.

Scientists at Pennsylvania University had a major breakthrough in 2012 with this technology that led to its increasing demands. They used a pencil-beam scanning which programs the proton so that it fills the 3D shape of the tumor. Before this discovery, radiation oncologists used a less precise method to direct the beam toward the roughly 2D outline of the tumor. Subsequently, this breakthrough has given much promise and more evidence of proton therapy’s cost-effectiveness. Proton-beam therapy could be cost-effective for brain tumors in children and specific types of breast, lung, and head and neck cancer, unfortunately the evidence is limited.

 

RESEARCH:

A 2013 study estimated that for prostate cancer patients, proton therapy cost $32,428 per treatment, versus $18,575 for traditional radiotherapy. But advocates believe proton therapy could prove less expensive than traditional radiotherapy in the long term by cutting costs for treatment of side effects from traditional radiotherapy.

Guidelines issued in 2014 by the American Society for Radiation Oncology also helped bolster the case for proton-beam therapy. They recommended that health-care insurers cover proton-beam therapy for all forms of cancer patients—not just those for whom the treatment has a proven cost-benefit—if they are participating in a clinical trial.

Todd Ketch, executive director of the National Association for Proton Therapy, an industry body, said that insurance coverage for proton-beam therapy in the U.S. was mixed. While some insurers “clearly value both the short- and long-term benefits of proton therapy for certain patients fighting cancer,” others require patients to “navigate daunting administrative approval and appeals processes to obtain coverage,” he said.

Justin Bekelman, a radiation oncologist at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, which has been using proton-beam therapy since 2010, said the treatment had “tremendous potential, but we haven’t finished our work to demonstrate what it can do.” He added: “I can never imagine a world without proton therapy at this point, but I’m not convinced it’s better for everything we do.”

Links:
(A) http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/radiation-therapy/proton-therapy
(B)http://www.wsj.com/articles/proton-beam-therapy-for-cancer-gets-renewed-attention-1463428188

*Please note! These are not my images~ they were found on various tumblr sites! If any are yours please let me know so that I can give you credit for them! Also the people in the images have no relation to the diseases, illnesses, or cancers I write about. Thanks so much & enjoy~